INTRODUCTION

Cerdocyon thous is a neotropical wild canid that possesses an omnivorous diet comprising of small vertebrates, invertebrates and fruits (1,2,3,4). C. thous exhibits robust dimensions - 1meter length and 3.7 - 11 kg weight. It is a short, stout animal with a predominantly gray and yellow colored coat and a dark band on its back. Its habitat ranges from closed forests to open fields, occurring throughout the Brazilian territory except for the Amazon forest (3).

The knowledge about variations in renal vascular anatomy has great applicability in the semiotic and surgical exploration of kidneys (5,6). In mammals, the right and left renal arteries, which originate on each lateral side of the abdominal aorta, irrigate the respective kidneys (7).

The renal arteries transport approximately 20% of the arterial blood of the abdominal aorta (7). Usually the right renal artery is more cranial than the left, in accordance with the relatively more cranial position of the right kidney in most species (7).

Numeric variations in renal arteries have been previously described in dogs (8,9), goats (10) and rabbits (11). These anatomical variations are occasionally identified in radiological and routine dissection studies.

However, with respect to morphology, there are a few studies in these species, which have shown that it is important to obtain anatomical information of the animals both for future works and for the preservation of the species, in captivity as well as natural habitat (12). In this study, we explored the duplicity of renal artery in a specimen of Cerdocyon thous, focusing on the possibilities of clinical-surgical implication of this anatomical variation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Were dissected 32 specimens of Cerdocyon thous, obtained from the collections of the Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Morfologia dos Animais Domésticos e Selvagens (LEPeMADS) do Departamento de Anatomia Animal e Humana, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro e Laboratório de Anatomia Animal da Universidade Federal do Pampa. We observed a numerical variation in the left renal artery in an adult female cadaver that was collected from the highway in Serra dos Órgãos National Park (license: ICMBio / SISBIO 33667). The cadaver was identified and positioned in right lateral decubitus.

For fixation of the specimen, the thorax was first opened and dissected and a urethral catheter number 6 was introduced in its thoracic aorta. The arterial system was then “washed” with 0.9% NaCl solution, and fixed with 10% formalin solution. Next, aqueous solution (1:1 dilution) of Petrolátex S-65 (Refinery Duque de Caxias-REDUC- Petrobras, Duque de Caxias-RJ) was injected together with a dye, Suvinil xadrez.. Finally, the cadaver was immersed in a 50 L low density polyethylene box containing 10% formaldehyde solution to complete the latex fixation and polymerization process. After 7 days of latex injection, the cadaver was washed in running water, and its abdominal cavity was opened and dissected to demonstrate the kidneys, their respective vessels and skeletopy. Using a digital caliper (0–150 mm, 0.01 mm resolution, accuracy ±0.02 mm, Eda.), renal measurements (length, width and thickness) and length of the renal arteries were obtained.

RESULTS

We observed that the specimen had a 64.1 cm cranio-sacral length. Its right kidney was 5.11 cm long, 1.75 cm wide and 2.57 cm thick, and was located between the first and the third lumbar vertebrae (L1 and L4). In the right kidney, there was only one renal artery, which was 2.01 cm in length. On the other hand, the left kidney was 5.27 cm long, 2.24 cm wide and 1.77 cm thick, and was located between the third and the fifth lumbar vertebrae (L3 and L5). Unlike the right kidney, the left kidney had two renal arteries (Figure 1), one cranial (1) and another caudal (2).

The first renal artery of the left kidney, measuring 2.25 cm in length, originated laterally from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3). Moreover, it emanated two pre-hilar branches (Figure 2), one dorsal and one ventral, with the ventral branch supplying also to the adrenal gland. The second renal artery also originated laterally from the abdominal aorta at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3) and measured 2.36 cm in length. This artery also emitted two pre-hilar branches, one cranial and another caudal, which emitted the ureteral branch.

DISCUSSION

Numerical variations of renal arteries have been described in different animals. The frequency of double renal arteries in dogs has been shown to be 12.80% (64 from 500 dogs) (8) and 9.72% (14 from 144 dogs) (9). In cats (13) and rabbits (11) only case reports were made, however their descriptions in wild animals remain scarce. In the case of C. thous, 64 kidneys were inspected and the occurrence of duplicity in renal arteries was recorded only in the left kidney of one specimen, thereby corresponding to 1.6% of the cases.

In humans, variations in the arrangement and distribution of renal arteries have also been studied by SAMPAIO and PASSOS (6), who cited cases of duplication (7.9%), triplication (1.9%), and even the occurrence of arterial branches supplying both the upper pole and the lower pole of the kidney. In these cases, the authors have suggested the use of the term “multiple renal arteries” because they are normal terminal segments without anastomoses between them and, from the physiological point of view, are important for renal blood supply. The same authors reinforced the importance of adequacy in the nomenclature used for such vessels and discouraged the usage of terms “aberrant,” “accessory,” “extra,” and “supernumerary,” since they convey the false idea of being elements with little functional importance.

In humans, the presence of multiple renal arteries increases the complexity of kidney transplantation (14), as well as correlates with renal pathologies, when compared to organs that are supplied by a single renal artery (6). The complexity of the vascular variations can also modify the technical possibilities of the surgical procedure and, according to Khamanarong et al (14) a complete understanding of renal vascular anatomy provides efficiency and safety in surgical and radiological procedures. Therefore, any abdominal surgery that requires mobilization or hemostatic control of the renal vessels requires a systematic search for possible vascular anatomical variations.

In domestic dogs, the renal artery usually has a pre-hilar bifurcation into the dorsal and ventral branches (15). In this case report, we could show that the cranial artery had this bifurcation pattern, where the artery bifurcated into a cranial and a caudal branch. The length of the two arteries was similar, however visually the caliber of the more cranially positioned artery was slightly larger than the flow. Both seemed functionally relevant. Altogether, the anatomical variation corresponds to the renal artery with caudal origin, which then emanated into the ureteral branch.

The disclosure about findings of anatomical variations is important for veterinary medical practice involving domestic and wild animals and should be performed as a way of raising awareness among professionals, contributing to the success and improvement of different clinical and surgical protocols.

Due to a wide distribution in the Brazilian territory, hundreds of Cerdocyonthous specimens are sent annually to rehabilitation centers and zoos in Brazil. These also include animals that are victims of poly-trauma by hunting, trampling and fire or that have been debilitated by various diseases (16,17). The incidence of abdominal pathologies is so high that a Doppler sonographic study was performed to characterize the dimensions of renal arteries (18) in the context of urological conditions such as azotemia (19) and renal trauma resulting in nephrectomy (20).

Therefore, numerical variations of the renal arteries should be considered in the execution of surgical, radiological and experimental procedures in order to avoid mistakes made due to lack of knowledge of the possibility of such variations both in domestic and wild animals.

Conflict of interests

The authors declare that there are no potential conflicts of interest regarding the research, authorship or publication of this article.

REFERENCES

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Additional information

How to cite (Vancouver).: Peçanha SV, Junger de CRB, Santos-Sousa CA, Rodrigues SEA, Souza-Junior P, Abidu-Figueiredo M. Double Renal Artery in Cerdocyon thous. Rev MVZ Cordoba. 2020; 25(1):e1713. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1713