Addressing gender-based violence in Peru: Citizenship and critical issues. The Women’s Emergency Center (CEM) technicians’ point of view^*

Aproximación a la violencia de género en el Perú: Ciudadanía y temas críticos la perspectiva del personal técnico de los Centros de Emergencia mujer (CEM)

Abordagem à violência baseada no género no Peru: Cidadania e questões críticas. a perspectiva do pessoal técnico dos Centros de Emergência para Mulheres (CEM)

María José del Pino-Espejo mjpinesp@upo.es

Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Spain

Ligia Sánchez-Tovar lsanchez@uc.edu.ve

Universidad de Carabobo, Venezuela

Diana Elvira Soto-Arango diana.soto@uptc.edu.co

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, Colombia

Karina Villalba Karina.Villalba@ucf.edu

Central Florida Institute, USA

Approaching gender-based violence requires us to consider many things. One those things is the issue of citizenship. We will be referring to citizenship in the sense that each citizen is immersed in a socioeconomic dynamic where a certain political and/or socio-cultural framework guides and limits their actions. In this dynamic, each citizens interconnects with his or her environment in a conscious and reflective manner. Therefore, citizens adhere to the rights and duties assigned to them to achieve personal success for their own development, without breaking the principles that govern the social order¹. The right to a life of dignity, respect and freedom from all forms of violence is more than just a slogan. It is a feeling shared by men and women from all over the world, who call for a full life, without neglecting cultural diversity and tolerance. In order to achieve this, the definition of citizenship from the feminist perspective is crucial and cannot do without the gender factor. It is important to note that "only recently, the theory of citizenship has been permeated by the gender approach (...) this new conceptual basis should presage a future process of more effective female subjectivation"². From a feminist perspective, the incorporation of citizenship as a transversal axis in gender studies has led to tremendous progress in the fight against the structural discrimination of women. When considering what it is like to be a citizen in contemporary societies one may conclude that female victims of gender-based violence are unable to fully exercise their rights as citizens. We are facing an absence of gender justice, a construct aimed at achieving "the end of inequalities between women and men, as well as taking measures to repair the disadvantages that lead to the subordination of women to men"³. This construct is a reminder that justice itself, in its "conception and administration, is very often gendered, responding to a patriarchal standard derived from the domestic area"⁴, an issue that can be evidenced in the care for female victims of violence.

Within the subject of gender violence, what has already been established provides the framework for exposing the violation of rights that, as citizens, each woman must respect. However, that respect is lost when women become victims of gender-based violence. It affects a considerable number of women, regardless of social stratum, race, religion or nationality. Attention to gender-based violence leads to the issue of citizenship because it is violated in all the victims. This is why Nussbaums⁵ approach gains strength, as it incorporates empowerment when referring to citizenship. The reason for this is that it can be an important factor in regaining control over ones life and reducing the consequences of abuse and gender-based violence. However, there are still weakness in the application of laws, in the procedures followed for the care of the victim, in the guarantee of their privacy as a result of a lack of training among the staff, and in the coordination between the entities that deal with the care and follow-up on the cases⁶. Similarly, "in many countries, female victims of gender-based violence do not have appropriate criminal laws because domestic violence is not considered a crime. Sometimes complaints are not successful, and the process generally ends with the freedom of the aggressor"⁷.

Gender-based violence is a complex issue to address as it involves individual, relational, communal and societal factors. Identifying the elements associated with aggression against women is essential in establishing a framework of action that can successfully fight against it. The factors associated with gender-based violence is a controversial subject. Marcano y Palacios⁸ believe that violent actions towards women are generated by the socialization process in which the individual develops. That is, through the adoption of certain patterns that are regarded as normal behaviors transmitted from parents to children, which reveals that the family dynamic is one of the primary elements that shapes both the behavior of the perpetrator and victim of aggression. It is also important to consider that these behaviours may also be influenced by the socio-cultural context, the region or geographical territory, and ethnic or religious characteristics. For the purposes of our investigation, we start by considering that it is necessary to debunk the myths that have been developed around the factors that intervene in gender-based violence. Regarding the causes of gender-based violence, Matud, Padilla, y Gutierrez⁹ determined that for the aggressors, alcohol is not a 237 condition for such aberration. The authors dispel some myths about gender-based violence, such as the fact that the abuse of women is the result of some kind of mental illness; or that the consumption of alcohol and drugs is the cause of violent behavior; or that the abuse of women only occurs at low economic and educational levels; or the saying that "who truly loves you will make you cry."

In order to protect the rights of every man and woman, the work carried out by various local, regional and local agencies, such as the Women’s Emergency Center (CEM) in Peru, is of great importance. Because of the nature of these centers, they have technical staff who are trained to deal with victims of gender-based violence. In this regard, it is considered extremely important to study gender-based violence and citizenship from the perspective of the CEM staff. These professionals ensure that gender-based violence victims who come to these care centers are recognized as citizens. This action is carried out through an unbiased assumption of citizenship (in terms of gender equality), communication with the institutions that provide help to gender-based violence victims, and with the rejection of situations of violence. All of these actions are always carried out under the principle of compliance with the rights of gender-based violence victims.

This article utilizes both a feminist and gender-based approach, therefore it presents two challenges of the 21^st century: gender equality and the eradication of gender-based violence. The study focuses on Peru, under the development cooperation project Social and Legal Impact of Andalusian Development Cooperation interventions on gender-based violence in the Women's Emergency Centers in Peru (2014 DEC001), financed by Agencia Andaluza de Cooperación al Desarrollo (Andalusian Agency for Development Cooperation).

This project allowed for the opportunity to visit and study the Women's Emergency Center (CEM),

"specialized and free public services of integral and multidisciplinary attention, for victims of family and sexual violence, in which legal orientation, judicial defense and psychological counseling are provided. Recovery of damage incurred is sought and social assistance is provided. Prevention activities are also carried out through trainings, communication campaigns, training of community agents and mobilization of organizations" (https://www.mimp.gob.pe/homemimp/centro-emergencia-mujer.php).

This project also allowed for the opportunity to live on the front lines during the first few months of Spanish law implementation: Ley N° 30364 Ley para prevenir, sancionar y erradicar la violencia de género contra las mujeres y los integrantes del grupo familiar (Law 30364, Law to prevent, punish and eradicate gender-based violence against women and family members). Although this law makes a greater effort to focus on the case of violence against women, this type of violence is concentrated within the family dynamic. Peru does not have specific legislation for violence against women^10,11,12 The current figures on gender-based violence and femicide in Peru make this study very timely. According to the National Sexual Violence Resource Center (NSVRC) of the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations (MIMP) of Peru, in 2019, 168 victims of gender-based violence were registered. This is the highest figure recorded within the last ten years, increasing with the impact of the coronavirus. One can only imagine the occurrence of gender-based violence across the rest of the world.

After a deeper study on gender-based violence in Peru¹³, a map of gender-based violence indicators, from the point of view of the Women's Emergency Center (CEM) staff, was designed. Utilizing the findings from a previous study¹⁴ and the map of indicators proposed by the authors, this article analyses the opinions and beliefs of the technical staff with the purpose of revealing the critical issues in the care of gender-based violence victims in Peru. Two groups of indicators were considered, as in the study conducted by Del Pino, Triguero &Torres¹⁵: those related to the role played by the Peruvian State Administration, which are:

• judicial compliance (by Peruvian authorities in dealing with gender-based violence),

• fiscal compliance (by Peruvian authorities in dealing with gender-based violence),

• the repetition of testimonies (revictimization or secondary victimization) of the victims of gender-based violence (throughout the process of the denunciation),

• (rootedness of) malechauvinism in Peru.

• And indicators relating to gender-based violence in Peru through the Women's Emergency Center:

• CEM care for women and men,

• victim-witness coordination CEM,

• cultural diversity CEM and

• religious diversity CEM

It is important to clarify that structural equations were used in the study conducted by Del Pino, Triguero & Torres¹⁶, and the approximation was quantitative. In this study, the data is developed from a qualitative approach. To this end, the qualitative information has been analysed following the mapping scheme of the indicators mentioned. The main objective is to correlate this map of indicators with the gender-based violence comments made by 41 workers at the Women's Emergency Centers in Peru. Their testimonies were collected through structured interviews conducted in the mountain, jungle and coastal areas as well as in the capital, Lima.

It is important to note once again that the Women's Emergency Centers (CEM) are

"specialized and free public services, of integral and multidisciplinary attention, for victims of family and sexual violence, in which legal orientation, judicial defence and psychological counselling is provided. It seeks to recover the damage suffered and provides social assistance. Prevention activities are also carried out through training, communication campaigns, training of community agents and mobilization of organizations" (https://www.mimp.gob.pe/homemi-mp/centro-emergencia-mujer.php).

According to the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations (MIMP)¹⁷, "CEMs are organized into professional areas available to victims of domestic and sexual violence who require specialized attention. They have the following areas of attention: Admission, Psychology, Legal and Social."

In the Admission area: Its purpose is to identify the reason for consultation and., if it corresponds to domestic or sexual violence, open the case recording form. If they present other problems not related to violence, they are referred to other institutions in the area.

In the Psychology area: Its purpose is to contribute to psychological recovery through a set of services that range from the first interview, psychological assessment, emotional support, psychological counselling and referral (depending on the level of damage) to a specialized health center for recovery. In this area, containment actions are carried out in the face of emotional crisis. Likewise, the "psychological support" is carried out.

In the Legal area: It evaluates the case presented, proposes alternative approaches, provides guidance, becomes part of the legal process and sponsors it until a sentence is obtained. Sponsorship of the case involves representing and advising the victim legally in the police, prosecutor and judicial instances.

In the Social area: In this service, risk is categorized as "mild, moderate or severe". Together with the other services, it proposes the protection and security measures that are necessary to avoid new acts of violence. It also carries out social management and referrals to complementary social support services.

According to the MIMP¹⁸, "the CEMs coordinate permanently with authorities and operators in health, justice, education and interior sectors, as well as with the Public Prosecutor's Office and the Judicial Branch in order to guarantee timely, effective and quality intervention. They coordinate and articulate through the services of the National Programme against Family and Sexual Violence. They receive referrals from the free telephone counselling service " Línea 100", which operates 24 hours a day."

At the beginning of the project in 2014, and at our first interviews in Lima in July 2015, Peru was regulated by Act No. 26260, the Protection against Family Violence Act (MIMP, 2015), dated June 25, 1997. The importance of this act in the Peruvian legislative framework is explained by Puerta¹⁹, who discusses how the Constitution does not adequately address domestic violence (Article 2, 1993).

On November 23, 2015, Peru promulgated Act No. 30364 "on the prevention, punishment and eradication of violence against women and members of the family." This change took place at the same time as the implementation of the second stage of interviews in April 2016. Many of the strategies that were not consolidated by this new law are reflected in the testimonies of CEM staff. Although "this law expands the scope of action to the prevention, eradication and punishment of all forms of violence produced in the public or private sphere against women because of their condition"²⁰, a feminist approach should still being taken when considering all members of the family unit.

The first fieldwork was carried out by two volunteers from the University of Seville during July 2015. The interviews were designed during the period of Act No. 26260 on Protection against Domestic Violence²¹.During the second part of the fieldwork, which was carried out March 2016, the need to investigate the benefits of the new law from a feminist and gender perspective emerged. Questions concerning imbalances among familial and sexual violence laws in Peru also arose. All this, as mentioned previously, was being brought to light by the CEM staff. These imbalances are explained by William Ogburhs Lag:

"the adoption of certain material elements leads in the long run to a change in people's ways of life and mentality. Often the diffusion of material elements (...) is prior and more intense than the iterative elements, which leads to deep conflicts...”²²

The field research design was developed from a qualitative approach. Structured interviews were utilized to gather the CEM technical staffs perspectives. For the participant selection, interviewees were personally contacted and provided informed consent if they expressed interest in participating in the study. A total of 41 interviews were conducted. The field work was carried out in two phases: the first phase in July-August 2015 and the second phase in April-May 2016. The survey team was made up of volunteers cooperating on the Social and Legal Impact of Andalusian Development Cooperation intervention projects against gender violence in the Women’s Emergency Centers CEM Peru (2014 DEC001). The survey team also included two volunteers from the University of Seville and four volunteers from the University Pablo de Olavide UPO in Seville. The project coordinator travelled to Peru with the second team.

Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Groups (MIMP) and, more particularly Peruvian National Program against Family and Sexual Violence (PNCVFS) guided the research team in Peru. The International Association of Jurists INTER IURIS provided the research team with an action plan from Seville, which was then presented to MIMP and PNCVFS. With the proposed action plan, CEM Peru's coordinator helped the research team by facilitating permits to enter CEMs, allowing for a person of reference in each CEM, and creating interview appointments.

Table 1 presents the CEM facility where the interviews took place, the participant's age, and the participants position within the company. Most of the interviews are done in Arequipa and Trujillo (14 interviews in Arequipa, and 13 interviews in Trujillo) and the surrounding districts. Five interviews were conducted in Lima and surrounding districts. Another five interviews were conducted in Cusco and surrounding districts. In the Peruvian jungle, 4 interviews are done in Tarapoto and surrounding districts.

Table 1:
Interviews with CEM Peru staff.

Source: Research data.

It is important to note each interviewer's position within CEM because they involved different scenarios. Although one of the objectives was to gather the participants perception of working with the victims, another objective was to see if there were any differences regarding position or area of work within CEM.

The script of the interviews was structured in several blocks, being conformed in the following way: Block I socio-demographic data, where information is collected on: gender, age, position held, experience and years of service; Block II Critical issues according to the perception of the technicians, regarding the situation of the Administration and the situation of the CEM; and Block III Proposals for solutions suggested by the technicians. For the purposes of this article, only the speeches of Blocks I and II are analyzed. In order to structure the analysis, the route drawn in the map of indicators, mentioned above, is followed, which is presented below.

Figure 1:
Map of gender-based violence indicators in Peru.
Source: del Pino, Triguero & Torres (2017).

In relation to Block II, the most outstanding problems related to the problem of gender violence in Peru are highlighted, according to the perception of the CEM technical staff, with respect to the Administration and the CEM themselves. This second block is structured in two parts: in the first part, their perception is asked, according to the situation of the Administration; in the second part, according to the situation of the CEMs themselves. The questions asked in both parts of this Block II are set out below.

Block II. Part 1: Status of the Administration, they are asked:

• Do you believe that the Peruvian judicial authorities are complying with their obligations in treating gender violence?

• Do you think that the Peruvian prosecuting authorities are complying with their obligations in treating GBV?

• Do you think that the continuous repetition of the history of aggressions by the victim, facing different instances and authorities, affects women negatively?

• Do you think that male chauvinism is deeply rooted in Peruvian society?

Block II. Part2: Situation of the CEM. They are asked:

• Do you think that it is necessary to improve the coordination between the Admissions area to Victims and Witnesses and the CEM?

• Is the attention offered to men and women in the CEM?

• Does the attention offered in the CEM take into account the cultural diversity of the person that requires assistance?

• Does the attention offered at CEM take into account the religious diversity of the person that requires assistance?

The reality is then disclosed, through the discourse according to the set of indicators that are explored in each of the parts of the indicated blocks. In order to display the results, the comments shared by CEM staff in each of the questions are presented, regarding the critical nodes or problems that the Peruvian Administration has to deal with. With respect to the first part of Block II, inquiring about Do you think that the Peruvian judicial authorities are complying with their obligations in treating GBV?

There is a before and after in relation to this question because of the change in the legislation and although the majority do see an improvement, the voices of the lack of means and resources for displacement are also heard. However, it is noticeable that the discourse does not highlight the incorporation of this improvement with the change in the legislation, specifically in the figure of the promoter, since they have more contact with the population in their training.

It is important to note that, among the responses to the question, the most positive comments came from professionals in the field of law. This position reveals that the lawyers have a different perception than the rest of the technical personnel at the CEMs with respect to the judicial authorities' compliance with their obligations in dealing with gender-based violence. This may reveal the need to deepen the analysis of the situation of gender-based violence by focusing on the citizenry and gender justice.²³

In response to the question: "Do you think that the Peruvian tax authorities are complying with their obligations in treating gender-based violence? ". Although with the change in the law the Public Prosecutors Office no longer takes on all cases of GBV the opinion of the CEM staff is important. We recall that the interviews in Lima are done before the change in the law (in the summer of 2015) and the rest of the interviews are done right after the new law came out (in March 2016). It is also worth remembering that some cases still reach the Prosecutors Office as mentioned by one of the CEM lawyers or in the case of minors.

In the previous law, the most serious problem, from the legal point of view, was the delay in the deadlines. However, we believe that this depends on the area and the Prosecutor's Office itself and its circumstances.

If we analyse it from a social point of view, male chauvinism continues to be a social scourge and CEM staff also perceive it this way, even among the prosecutors in their region. This, together with corruption, another of the country's serious problems, gives a worrying 247 picture of the Prosecutors Office, depending on the area. Another of the problems that come to light is the lack of close treatment of the victim. Also, the overload of work of the Attorney Generals Office makes other crimes to be prioritized over the crimes of gender violence. In other words, domestic violence crimes are no longer given priority, leaving the female victim in a state of legal neglect²⁴, which aggravates the victims condition. This is accompanied by problems perceived by technical staff in the coordination and training of personnel who provide assistance and follow-up²⁵. This reality revealed by interviewees highlights the serious situation experienced by women who are victims of gender-based violence.

The following table includes the expressions of the technicians in this regard, as it is considered relevant.

At the time of the interviews, the law still lacked regulation, which appeared in the testimonies of the technical personnel interviewed. This new law highlights many of the reports that had been made and shows positive views, as shown in the table above.

When asked about Do you think that the continuous repetition of the history of aggressions by the victim, before the different instances and authorities, affects women negatively?

Although there are teams that fight against the secondary victimization of victims, including inter-institutional coordination that tries to minimize it, the majority opinion is that it does happen, that the victim must tell her story of aggressions up to eight times. Although it is not the object of our study, minors are an issue that CEM personnel are very concerned about, the fact that a minor victim must tell her problem of aggression so many times is considered as an additional damage to the one she is carrying.

When addressing the second group of indicators referring to gender-based violence in Peru and the reality of the situation of the Women's Emergency Centers in this regard, it was possible to gather that with respect to the question: Do you think male chauvinism is deeply rooted in Peruvian society? The majority stated that this is indeed a problem that is deeply rooted in Peru. From their speeches, the need to educate in equality from childhood emerged. The figure of the mother in the life process of the people interviewed reminds us of the family as the central axis of the Peruvian social structure. Because of this integral consideration of violence within the family, the man, the head of the family, is treated, although to a lesser extent than the female victim. They also take into consideration the geographical area to emphasize that some areas of Peru are more sexist than others. Of all the indicators discussed, it is male chauvinism in Peruvian society on which most testimonies are collected. It was possible to see that a great debate was generated when relevant issues such as: alcoholism, micro-chauvinism, the greater rootedness of male chauvinism in rural areas, patriarchy and the role of the mother for the survival of patriarchy in Peruvian society were discussed. From the perspective of citizenship and social justice, this reality reveals the existence of a problem where traditional patriarchal norms derived from family relations restrict the rights of women so that the role of women is restricted to raising children and housework²⁶, which reveals unequal treatment and restricted rights as citizens. In other words, from a gender justice perspective, this reality compromises women's dignity, personal autonomy and rights to physical integrity, as well as their ability to choose how to live their own lives, as they do ²⁷.

Another issue that comes up is the intake of alcohol and how it can become an excuse to attack, an issue that has been clearly dismantled in studies by Matud et. al²⁸ as one of the many myths that have been woven around the causes of intimate partner violence. At the same time, they seek solutions to their problems of institutional male chauvinism that leave it in the hands of the media. Although they value all the efforts of the MIMP with "Línea 100" and ask for more state investment.

While doing the field work, several comments were collected stating that when the MIMPs were created they were only for women. Later it was opened for men as well, but the name stopped them from using this service: Women’s Emergency Center, and this is reflected in some of the comments. CEM staff also appreciate male chauvinism in the institutions. The male chauvinism family reflects their male chauvinism in their workplace as well. Although one of the indicators of gender-based violence in Peru²⁹ is male chauvinism, this is not the perception for all age cohorts of CEM staff.

Regarding the second part of the block II, which refers to the situation of CEM. They were asked: "Do you think it is necessary to improve the coordination between the Offices of Attention to Victims and Witnesses and the CEM", and the following opinions were obtained What is most striking is the incipient model of social welfare, which depends on personal relationships for its proper functioning. This is very similar to the model of the Mediterranean welfare state However, inter-institutional coordination is essential, as the persons interviewed say, to improve the problem of secondary victimization³⁰ of victims. It is observed that in order to coordinate well between institutions, it is important to have a relationship of friendship or kinship and stable institutional channels that are not available at the time of the study.

When the field work was carried out, it was observed that many CEMs were very well coordinated with all the institutions, but we also know and can verify with the testimonies of CEM personnel throughout the country, that it is not a generalizable appreciation, that there is a need for improvement with inter-institutional coordination. Coordination is very important for the eradication of secondary victimization. It also highlights the lack of resources and the vulnerabilities with which CEM staff are affected, such as inclement weather when appropriate mobility is not available to carry out their work.

In reference to the question of whether the care offered in CEM is performed for men and women, CEM staff do not comment much on this, they value it as normal. They do not mention the need for a change of focus from feminism and gender, an issue that would give a strong contribution to the fight against the degradation of the citizenship status of women victims of gender violence and could reinforce the progress towards gender justice.

To learn about the issue of considering cultural diversity when caring for victims, they were asked: Does the care offered at the CEM take into account the cultural diversity of the person being cared for?

It is important to note that cultural diversity is also linked to diversity in terms of the victims formal education or illiteracy, including not speaking Spanish but only their native language. It is also linked to the disconnection with the principles of equality that is pursued in Peruvian society, of respect for human rights. In this defence of cultural diversity, CEMs technical personnel must work in a more paternal manner, if they believe they must protect the victim, or give the victim more autonomy if they consider her more capable of making her decisions.

As could be seen in the previous table, although it is a basic and fundamental principle since the creation of the CEMs, the consideration of cultural diversity, there are also CEMs where this consideration of cultural diversity does not work or where it does not work as they would like it to. In the majority of the CEMs visited there seemed to be a person with a command of this language, however, it was not easy to find an CEM with several Quechua speakers.

Similarly, when asked if the care offered at the CEM takes into account the religious diversity of the person served, most confirmed respect for religious diversity within the CEM. They even reminded us that being a Quechua speaker is usually a merit to consider when accessing work at CEM. There is also a disparity in rural areas where many women are only Quechua speakers and cannot communicate in Spanish. Another issue they raise is the case of immigrant women from Israel in the south of the country.

Care must also be taken not to separate the victim from the aggressor, because in the CEM conciliation is prohibited and this prohibition is protected by law. On the other hand, although the act of conciliation between victim and aggressor is prohibited by law, unfortunately it does occur in some cases.

The most active debate of the indicators presented throughout the article is the male chauvinism of Peruvian society. From here, many problems arise that are placed in the starting box for the incorporation of victims of gender violence as full citizens. One of these problems is how it is permeated by the patriarchal and macho vision of judges, prosecutors, and police. This fact makes attention to the importance of education and socialization in equality and strengthens the feminist approach to bring out distorted manifestations of women’s citizenship rights and their consequences on gender justice.

The humble and realistic position of technical personnel, about who they are, first as persons and then as professionals, reaffirms that personal values are reflected in the exercise of the profession. This reality also affects the public prosecutor or judge, who are also subject to a macho and patriarchal vision, which undoubtedly biases the vision that is built on women, violating their citizen’s rights and undermining gender justice.

There is practically no discussion within the technical staff on the issue of accepting abused men in the CEM, although during the field work no male users were seen in any of the CEMs visited. This could be related to the cultural values that dominate the Peruvian society marked by male chauvinism.

There is concern about the racism that exists in Peruvian society, taking into account the present religious and linguistic diversity. On this subject, it is missing that the technical staff did not provide more details on how the support to victims with linguistic diversity is organized in each CEM. The comments were limited to recognizing that this aspect is contemplated in the regulations. But how the treatment of these cases is carried out did not come up. The vulnerability of so many Kechua and Aymara-speaking women and their unfavourable conditions to carry out the fight for full citizenship in a country of extremes, where there are great differences not only in climate, but also in race, creed and economy, is striking.

This reality reveals deep weaknesses and the need to spin towards an approach of gender violence permeated by the vision of citizenship and gender justice, always guided by the principles of equality, respect for human rights, defence of cultural diversity, which is pursued in Peruvian society, without undermining the action when, the victim is attended to, towards a paternalistic attention.

The inquiry into the aspects or knots that hinder the process of care for victims of gender violence is particularly relevant, taking into account that the study allowed the voices of those who are immersed in the drama of the victims to be heard, as subjects who channel the difficult path that the case must follow in the procedural framework officially established in Peruvian law. Listening to the technical personnel meant for them the possibility of being heard and being able to reflect on their reality in the performance before the victims. To look at their weaknesses or limitations and potentialities.